Product Grading system for Beverage Manufacturing Industry in Zambia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59413/ajocs/v6.i6.2Keywords:
Beverage manufacturing, Eco-friendly, Innovation, Product grading system, ZambiaAbstract
In the highly competitive landscape of the beverage manufacturing industry which is uniquely positioned for the innovation of a product grading system, given its reliance on maintaining consistent flavor profiles, packaging integrity, and regulatory compliance. This study aimed to innovatively develop a product grading system that can be used in the beverage manufacturing industry and provide an actionable guide to foster the implementation of the system. This study utilized design-based research to develop and validate a grading system, informed by global eco-labelling practices and GSCM principles. It involved review of literature, defining grading criteria based on GSCM practices, and a weighted scoring system. The grading system was validated with experts and adjusted based on their feedback. An implementation plan, including stakeholder collaboration and public awareness, was also established. The proposed system assessed manufacturers using GSCM practices. The grading system assigns scores based on compliance, categorizing companies from A (Green) to D (Blue) for eco-friendliness. Implementation would be overseen by ZEMA and ZABS, with initial voluntary participation. The system’s effectiveness was validated by industry experts, confirming its practicality, usability, and alignment with environmental goals, promoting sustainability and informed consumer choices. This study developed a comprehensive product grading system for Zambia's beverage industry, focusing on sustainability and environmental impact through GSCM practices across the sector.
Downloads
References
Aadil, R. M., Madni, G. M., Roobab, U., Rahman, U. ur, & Zeng, X.-A. (2019). 1 - Quality Control in Beverage Production: An Overview. In A. M. Grumezescu & A. M. Holban (Eds.), Quality Control in the Beverage Industry (pp. 1–38). Academic Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816681-9.00001-1
Acosta, C., & Arturo, J. (2022). Fishery and aquaculture products in the EU: An analysis of consumers’ preferences, producers’ risk management and stakeholders’ labelling preferences. https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/290833
Alfatni, M. S. M., Shariff, A. R. M., Abdullah, M. Z., Marhaban, M. H. B., & Saaed, O. M. B. (2013). The application of internal grading system technologies for agricultural products – Review. Journal of Food Engineering, 116(3), 703–725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.001
Alsharif, A. H., Salleh, N. Z. M., Al-Zahrani, S. A., & Khraiwish, A. (2022). Consumer Behaviour to Be Considered in Advertising: A Systematic Analysis and Future Agenda. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120472
Aprile, M. C., & Punzo, G. (2022). How environmental sustainability labels affect food choices: Assessing consumer preferences in southern Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 332, 130046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130046
Araujo, J., & Kim, C. (2021, October 12). Automated Grading Systems | OxJournal. https://www.oxjournal.org/automated-grading/
Baker, A., Young, K., Potter, J., & Madan, I. (2010). A review of grading systems for evidence- based guidelines produced by medical specialties. Clinical Medicine, 10(4), 358–363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.10-4-358
Bandara, S., Rathnayake, H., & Fernando, M. (2016). Development of A Small/ Medium Scale Grading System. Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 43, 82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v43i2.6983
Big Room. (2024). All ecolabels in Zambia | Ecolabel Index. https://www.ecolabelindex.com/ecolabels/?st=country,zm
Cecchini, M., & Warin, L. (2016). Impact of food labelling systems on food choices and eating behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies. Obesity Reviews, 17(3), 201–210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12364
Charlton, K. E., Pretorius, B., Shakhane, R., Naidoo, P., Cimring, H., Hussain, K., Nojilana, B., & Webster, J. (2024). Compliance of the food industry with mandated salt target levels in South Africa: Towards development of a monitoring and surveillance framework. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 126, 105908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105908
Chiou, C.-F., Hay, J. W., Wallace, J. F., Bloom, B. S., Neumann, P. J., Sullivan, S. D., Yu, H.-T., Keeler, E. B., Henning, J. M., & Ofman, J. J. (2003). Development and Validation of a Grading System for the Quality of Cost-Effectiveness Studies. Medical Care, 41(1), 32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200301000-00007
Clancy, R., O’Sullivan, D., & Bruton, K. (2023). Data-driven quality improvement approach to reducing waste in manufacturing. The TQM Journal, 35(1), 51–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-02-2021-0061
CLASP. (2020, May 11). A Study on the Feasibility of Ecolabeling in India. CLASP. https://www.clasp.ngo/research/all/a-study-on-the-feasibility-of-ecolabeling-in-india/
Cook, B., Costa Leite, J., Rayner, M., Stoffel, S., van Rijn, E., & Wollgast, J. (2023). Consumer Interaction with Sustainability Labelling on Food Products: A Narrative Literature Review. Nutrients, 15(17), 3837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173837
Fanzo, J., McLaren, R., Bellows, A., & Carducci, B. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for increasing the effectiveness of food reformulation and fortification to improve dietary and nutrition outcomes. Food Policy, 119, 102515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102515
Gitari, W. F. (2023). Competitive strategies and performance of registered small and medium food and beverage manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. [Thesis, The Co-operative University of Kenya.]. https://repository.cuk.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1345
Gonzalez Viejo, C., Torrico, D. D., Dunshea, F. R., & Fuentes, S. (2019). Bubbles, Foam Formation, Stability and Consumer Perception of Carbonated Drinks: A Review of Current, New and Emerging Technologies for Rapid Assessment and Control. Foods, 8(12), Article 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8120596
Grunert, K. G., Hieke, S., & Wills, J. (2014). Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use. Food Policy, 44, 177–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.12.001
Hashim, N. M. Z., Mohamad, N., Zakaria, Z., Bakri, H., & Sakaguchi, F. (2013). Development of Tomato Inspection and Grading System using Image Processing. International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science (IJECS), 2, 2319–2326.
Hlavinka, K., & Gomez, L. (2007). The total package: Loyalty marketing in the world of consumer packaged goods (CPG). Journal of Consumer Marketing, 24(1), 48–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760710720984
Ibrahim, H., Gulati, C., Ee, C., Chok, C., Dong, S., Anandan, D., Kushwah, D., Choudhary, D., Jain, A., Maron, A., Musyaffa, S., & Kee, D. (2024). Analysis of the Factors Affecting Customer Preference Towards McDonald’s. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality in Asia Pasific, 7, 129–142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32535/ijthap.v7i1.2907
IFST. (2018). Food and Drink - Good Manufacturing Practice: A Guide to its Responsible Management (GMP7). John Wiley & Sons.
Kosasih, O., Hidayat, K., Hutahayan, B., & Sunarti. (2024). Achieving Sustainable Customer Loyalty in the Petrochemical Industry: The Effect of Service Innovation, Product Quality, and Corporate Image with Customer Satisfaction as a Mediator. Sustainability, 16(16), Article 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167111
Lin, G., & Hao, B. (2020). Research on green manufacturing technology. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1601(4), 042046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1601/4/042046
Matthews, K., Janicki, T., He, L., & Patterson, L. (2012). Implementation of an Automated Grading System with an Adaptive Learning Component to Affect Student Feedback and Response Time. 23.
Meijer, G. W., Detzel, P., Grunert, K. G., Robert, M.-C., & Stancu, V. (2021). Towards effective labelling of foods. An international perspective on safety and nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 118, 45–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.09.003
Preez, D., & Pressentin, B. V. (2020). Development of a quality grading system for the honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) tea industry [Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University]. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/109437
Qadir, S. A., Al-Motairi, H., Tahir, F., & Al-Fagih, L. (2021). Incentives and strategies for financing the renewable energy transition: A review. Energy Reports, 7, 3590–3606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.041
Qi, D., Penn, J., Li, R., & Roe, B. E. (2022). Winning ugly: Profit maximizing marketing strategies for ugly foods. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 64, 102834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102834
Reddy, K. P., Chandu, V., Srilakshmi, S., Thagaram, E., Sahyaja, Ch., & Osei, B. (2023).
Consumers perception on green marketing towards eco-friendly fast moving consumer goods. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 15, 18479790231170962.
Roy, K. C., Mustafa, A. D. M., & Wohab, M. A. (2005). Design and development of a low-cost potato grader. 36, 28–31.
Roy, P., & Datta, D. (2022). Theory and Models of Consumer Buying Behaviour: A Descriptive Study. SSRN Electronic Journal, Volume XI, 206–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4205489
Shin, S., Puri, J., & Finkelstein, E. (2023). A randomized trial to evaluate the impact of Singapore’s forthcoming Nutri-grade front-of-pack beverage label on food and beverage purchases. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 20(1), 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-023-01422-4
Šostar, M., & Ristanović, V. (2023). Assessment of Influencing Factors on Consumer Behavior Using the AHP Model. Sustainability, 15(13), Article 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310341
SSC. (2024). Singapore Standards Council (SSC). https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/grow-your-business/boost-capabilities/quality-and-standards/singapore-standards-council
Stern, N., & Valero, A. (2021). Innovation, growth and the transition to net-zero emissions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104293
Research Policy, 50(9), 104293.
Switch Africa Green. (2020, December). Green Manufacturing in Africa Focus on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
Trusha G. Haribhakti, & Pandya, D. F. A. (2023). A Study On Feasibility Of Eco-Labelling In India As An Environment Protection Tool. Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture, 38, 676–689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59670/6mx6yv26
Venter, T. (2018, September 6). South African labelling requirements. Import Export License. https://importexportlicense.co.za/blog/south-african-labelling-requirements/
Xin, Y., & Long, D. (2023). Linking eco-label knowledge and sustainable consumption of renewable energy: A roadmap towards green revolution. Renewable Energy, 207, 531–538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.102
ZABS. (2023). Certification – Zambia Bureau of Standards. http://www.zabs.org.zm/index.php/service/certification/
Zafar, M. Z., Shi, X., Yang, H., Abbas, J., & Chen, J. (2022). The Impact of Interpretive Packaged Food Labels on Consumer Purchase Intention: The Comparative Analysis of Efficacy and Inefficiency of Food Labels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215098
ZEMA. (2023). ZEMA Home. Zambia Environmental Management Agency. https://www.zema.org.zm/
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ethel Tembo Mwanaumo (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.








